Appendix
Table 1 lists eight four-word sets of test and practice stimuli. These sets were randomly assigned to different Latin Squares, so that each of the four words within a set (1) occurred exactly once in each of the four positions in a stimulus sequence; and (2) was a probe once in each of the four sequences defined by the Latin Square. Table 2 lists the pseudo-randomized trial sequence used for all participants, in which any given four-word set was repeated after 8 trials using a different sequence.
| Table 1. Four-word sets of test and practice stimuli (word frequency given by Thorndike and Lorge, 1944). | ||||
| Set # | Test Stimuli | |||
| 1 | DUCK (49) | GOAT (50) | GOOSE (45) | WOLF (50) |
| 2 | CLOCK (50) | FORK (31) | SPOON (33) | STOOL (16) |
| 3 | BASKET (50) | CANDLE (43) | HAMMER (34) | PENCIL (40) |
| 4 | ALMOND (8) | CARROT (9) | MELON (5) | PEANUT (7) |
| 5 | BEACH (50) | CLOUD (100) | FIELD (100) | PLANT (100) |
| 6 | BOOT (37) | DRESS (100) | SHIRT (47) | SHOE (100) |
| 7 | BELL (50) | CARD (50) | DESK (50) | LOCK (50) |
| 8 | CAMEL (18) | EAGLE (38) | MONKEY (23) | TIGER (30) |
| Practice Stimuli | ||||
| 9 | ANKLE (21) | CHALK (13) | FLUTE (9) | JUICE (37) |
| 10 | ARM (100) | BOX (100) | DOG (100) | LEG (100) |
| 11 | OCEAN (100) | RECORD (100) | WAGON (50) | WINTER (100) |
| 12 | BREAD (50) | FENCE (50) | MATCH (50) | SKIRT (50) |
| 13 | FINGER (100) | MOUNTAIN (100) | TABLE (100) | WATER (100) |
| 14 | BARN (45) | BUSH (50) | DEER (35) | LAMP (50) |
| 15 | LETTER (100) | PAPER (100) | RIVER (100) | SHOULDER (100) |
| 16 | APPLE (50) | ENGINE (50) | FLOWER (100) | HOTEL (50) |
| Table 2. Pseudo-randomized trial sequence consisting of one 8-trial practice block and four 32-trial experimental blocks. Each trial consisted of an intial 4-word sequence, followed by a delay period and a probe word. | |||||||
| Trial | Word 1 | Word 2 | Word 3 | Word 4 | Probe Word | Correct | |
| Practice Block | |||||||
| -8 | fence | skirt | match | bread | match | 3 | |
| -7 | table | mountain | finger | water | table | 1 | |
| -6 | deer | bush | barn | lamp | lamp | 4 | |
| -5 | river | letter | paper | shoulder | paper | 3 | |
| -4 | flower | engine | apple | hotel | engine | 2 | |
| -3 | chalk | flute | juice | ankle | chalk | 1 | |
| -2 | leg | box | arm | dog | arm | 3 | |
| -1 | winter | record | ocean | wagon | wagon | 4 | |
| Block #1 | |||||||
| 1 | wolf | goose | goat | duck | duck | 4 | |
| 2 | clock | stool | fork | spoon | stool | 2 | |
| 3 | hammer | candle | pencil | basket | hammer | 1 | |
| 4 | carrot | almond | peanut | melon | peanut | 3 | |
| 5 | plant | beach | cloud | field | plant | 1 | |
| 6 | dress | shoe | boot | shirt | shirt | 4 | |
| 7 | bell | card | desk | lock | desk | 3 | |
| 8 | tiger | monkey | camel | eagle | monkey | 2 | |
| 9 | goose | duck | wolf | goat | goose | 1 | |
| 10 | stool | spoon | clock | fork | clock | 3 | |
| 11 | candle | basket | hammer | pencil | pencil | 4 | |
| 12 | almond | melon | carrot | peanut | melon | 2 | |
| 13 | beach | field | plant | cloud | cloud | 4 | |
| 14 | shoe | shirt | dress | boot | shoe | 1 | |
| 15 | card | lock | bell | desk | lock | 2 | |
| 16 | monkey | eagle | tiger | camel | tiger | 3 | |
| 17 | duck | goat | goose | wolf | wolf | 4 | |
| 18 | spoon | fork | stool | clock | fork | 2 | |
| 19 | basket | pencil | candle | hammer | basket | 1 | |
| 20 | melon | peanut | almond | carrot | almond | 3 | |
| 21 | field | cloud | beach | plant | field | 1 | |
| 22 | shirt | boot | shoe | dress | dress | 4 | |
| 23 | lock | desk | card | bell | card | 3 | |
| 24 | eagle | camel | monkey | tiger | camel | 2 | |
| 25 | goat | wolf | duck | goose | goat | 1 | |
| 26 | fork | clock | spoon | stool | spoon | 3 | |
| 27 | pencil | hammer | basket | candle | candle | 4 | |
| 28 | peanut | carrot | melon | almond | carrot | 2 | |
| 29 | cloud | plant | field | beach | beach | 4 | |
| 30 | boot | dress | shirt | shoe | boot | 1 | |
| 31 | desk | bell | lock | card | bell | 2 | |
| 32 | camel | tiger | eagle | monkey | eagle | 3 | |
| Block #2 | |||||||
| 33 | wolf | goose | goat | duck | goose | 2 | |
| 34 | clock | stool | fork | spoon | clock | 1 | |
| 35 | hammer | candle | pencil | basket | pencil | 3 | |
| 36 | carrot | almond | peanut | melon | melon | 4 | |
| 37 | plant | beach | cloud | field | cloud | 3 | |
| 38 | dress | shoe | boot | shirt | shoe | 2 | |
| 39 | bell | card | desk | lock | lock | 4 | |
| 40 | tiger | monkey | camel | eagle | tiger | 1 | |
| 41 | goose | duck | wolf | goat | goat | 4 | |
| 42 | stool | spoon | clock | fork | spoon | 2 | |
| 43 | candle | basket | hammer | pencil | candle | 1 | |
| 44 | almond | melon | carrot | peanut | carrot | 3 | |
| 45 | beach | field | plant | cloud | beach | 1 | |
| 46 | shoe | shirt | dress | boot | boot | 4 | |
| 47 | card | lock | bell | desk | bell | 3 | |
| 48 | monkey | eagle | tiger | camel | eagle | 2 | |
| 49 | duck | goat | goose | wolf | duck | 1 | |
| 50 | spoon | fork | stool | clock | stool | 3 | |
| 51 | basket | pencil | candle | hammer | hammer | 4 | |
| 52 | melon | peanut | almond | carrot | peanut | 2 | |
| 53 | field | cloud | beach | plant | plant | 4 | |
| 54 | shirt | boot | shoe | dress | shirt | 1 | |
| 55 | lock | desk | card | bell | desk | 2 | |
| 56 | eagle | camel | monkey | tiger | monkey | 3 | |
| 57 | goat | wolf | duck | goose | wolf | 2 | |
| 58 | fork | clock | spoon | stool | fork | 1 | |
| 59 | pencil | hammer | basket | candle | basket | 3 | |
| 60 | peanut | carrot | melon | almond | almond | 4 | |
| 61 | cloud | plant | field | beach | field | 3 | |
| 62 | boot | dress | shirt | shoe | dress | 2 | |
| 63 | desk | bell | lock | card | card | 4 | |
| 64 | camel | tiger | eagle | monkey | camel | 1 | |
| Block #3 | |||||||
| 65 | wolf | goose | goat | duck | goat | 3 | |
| 66 | clock | stool | fork | spoon | spoon | 4 | |
| 67 | hammer | candle | pencil | basket | candle | 2 | |
| 68 | carrot | almond | peanut | melon | carrot | 1 | |
| 69 | plant | beach | cloud | field | beach | 2 | |
| 70 | dress | shoe | boot | shirt | boot | 3 | |
| 71 | bell | card | desk | lock | bell | 1 | |
| 72 | tiger | monkey | camel | eagle | eagle | 4 | |
| 73 | goose | duck | wolf | goat | wolf | 3 | |
| 74 | stool | spoon | clock | fork | fork | 4 | |
| 75 | candle | basket | hammer | pencil | basket | 2 | |
| 76 | almond | melon | carrot | peanut | almond | 1 | |
| 77 | beach | field | plant | cloud | field | 2 | |
| 78 | shoe | shirt | dress | boot | dress | 3 | |
| 79 | card | lock | bell | desk | card | 1 | |
| 80 | monkey | eagle | tiger | camel | camel | 4 | |
| 81 | duck | goat | goose | wolf | goose | 3 | |
| 82 | spoon | fork | stool | clock | clock | 4 | |
| 83 | basket | pencil | candle | hammer | pencil | 2 | |
| 84 | melon | peanut | almond | carrot | melon | 1 | |
| 85 | field | cloud | beach | plant | cloud | 2 | |
| 86 | shirt | boot | shoe | dress | shoe | 3 | |
| 87 | lock | desk | card | bell | lock | 1 | |
| 88 | eagle | camel | monkey | tiger | tiger | 4 | |
| 89 | goat | wolf | duck | goose | duck | 3 | |
| 90 | fork | clock | spoon | stool | stool | 4 | |
| 91 | pencil | hammer | basket | candle | hammer | 2 | |
| 92 | peanut | carrot | melon | almond | peanut | 1 | |
| 93 | cloud | plant | field | beach | plant | 2 | |
| 94 | boot | dress | shirt | shoe | shirt | 3 | |
| 95 | desk | bell | lock | card | desk | 1 | |
| 96 | camel | tiger | eagle | monkey | monkey | 4 | |
| Block #4 | |||||||
| 97 | wolf | goose | goat | duck | wolf | 1 | |
| 98 | clock | stool | fork | spoon | fork | 3 | |
| 99 | hammer | candle | pencil | basket | basket | 4 | |
| 100 | carrot | almond | peanut | melon | almond | 2 | |
| 101 | plant | beach | cloud | field | field | 4 | |
| 102 | dress | shoe | boot | shirt | dress | 1 | |
| 103 | bell | card | desk | lock | card | 2 | |
| 104 | tiger | monkey | camel | eagle | camel | 3 | |
| 105 | goose | duck | wolf | goat | duck | 2 | |
| 106 | stool | spoon | clock | fork | stool | 1 | |
| 107 | candle | basket | hammer | pencil | hammer | 3 | |
| 108 | almond | melon | carrot | peanut | peanut | 4 | |
| 109 | beach | field | plant | cloud | plant | 3 | |
| 110 | shoe | shirt | dress | boot | shirt | 2 | |
| 111 | card | lock | bell | desk | desk | 4 | |
| 112 | monkey | eagle | tiger | camel | monkey | 1 | |
| 113 | duck | goat | goose | wolf | goat | 2 | |
| 114 | spoon | fork | stool | clock | spoon | 1 | |
| 115 | basket | pencil | candle | hammer | candle | 3 | |
| 116 | melon | peanut | almond | carrot | carrot | 4 | |
| 117 | field | cloud | beach | plant | beach | 3 | |
| 118 | shirt | boot | shoe | dress | boot | 2 | |
| 119 | lock | desk | card | bell | bell | 4 | |
| 120 | eagle | camel | monkey | tiger | eagle | 1 | |
| 121 | goat | wolf | duck | goose | goose | 4 | |
| 122 | fork | clock | spoon | stool | clock | 2 | |
| 123 | pencil | hammer | basket | candle | pencil | 1 | |
| 124 | peanut | carrot | melon | almond | melon | 3 | |
| 125 | cloud | plant | field | beach | cloud | 1 | |
| 126 | boot | dress | shirt | shoe | shoe | 4 | |
| 127 | desk | bell | lock | card | lock | 3 | |
| 128 | camel | tiger | eagle | monkey | tiger | 2 | |